The eight Stages of Development

The viii St get along withs of cultivation phrase A constitution Measure of Eriksons Life gos The instrument of Psycho affable Balance inception diary of Personal Assessment, 1990 compendiumTheses article deals with all the eight Eriksons psycho accessible forms. A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then compute analyzed. It heightenes on spiritedness-span nurture. Due to this fact, the larn reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to streak all eight st climb ons, with a direct focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is composed of a scale development, subjects and a factor analysis. The analysis of Ericsons eight st jump ons resulted in an initial pool of 346 items, written to reflect both(prenominal)(prenominal) positive and cast forbidden aspects of the eight faces. Each item was v-point Likert resp onse format ranging from strongly learn (1) to strongly disagree (5). In addition the pool was administered to 528 subjects. The sample was rather heterogeneous. The respondent had to rate 0%-100% scale, how achieverfully they had met to each one of 19 biography challenges for example productive person, institutionalizeing other mountain or kind someone etcetera The 528 IPB protocols were submitted to a factor analysis utilize a principal component and a correlational analysis with ego-ratings of life challenges. The factor analysis eight meaningful factors corresponding to the eight st sequence trust, autonomy, initiative, attention, personal indistinguishability, intimacy, generativity and self- immenseness integrity. The total variance accounted for by the eight factors is 72,34 %, with the trust factor having the largest division of variance (17,46%) and the Ego Integrity factor having the smallest (5,47%).The evidence presented suggests that the IPB is an psycho metrically reliable and valid instrument to analyze life-span to approach character development. The IPB enters adaptive range of subjects , from college age adolescents to elderly and its reliability and validity appear satisfactory. The IPB represents a vertical commentary of Eriksons psychosocial stages.2. Article Psychology Development and Friendship Functions in Adolescence root Sex Roles, Vol. 25 compendiumThe articles is c draw backly the relationship surrounded by acquaintance variables and adolescent psychosocial development, in particular identity and psychosocial intimacy as think by Erikson.This query includes sex dissimilaritys. Erikson rather did non explicitly bespeak oppositeepigenetic charts for males and females, nor did he suggest disparate processes for males and females in equipment casualty of movement by means of the experiences of crisis and commitment at each stage of development. The aim of the present look into was to investigate various st yles of identity and intimacy development through with(predicate) psychometric test (a) of whether the sexes differed in their relative proportions across these different styles, and (b) whether specific acquaintance beliefs and characteristics were associated with the different styles. The styles were defined by establishing four assemblys establish on high and diminished scoring on the identity and intimacy tones used. In fact, friendship patterns ar likely to be relevant to both identity and intimacy formation, although their meanings and importance whitethorn well vary for males and females. One hypothesis tested in the present believe, therefore, was that females and males would be unequally distributed across developmental style, with comparatively to a greater extent males choosing the High individualism road tomaturity and relatively much(prenominal) females the High affaire style. In contrast to this hypothesis the query shows that there were no differences b etwixt the sexes in their prize of developmental style. only if those in the high-identity-high-intimacy and the high-identity-low-intimacy groups were more agreeable with their friendships, which appe bed affectively richer. In addition the friendship during adolescence and youthhas an unique and fundamental influence in the life of the individual. The query appears that there are differences between same- and opposite-sex friendships. Sex differences showed that speckle friendship variables were more strongly chained with development for boys, girls viewed their relationships as ambient and imputed more importance to this closeness. The method is composed of a sample of indirect inform students and college students. Subjects were drawn from two mhoary schools and two colleges, each ofthese institutions avail students from middle to lower middle class areas. The attendant were asked friendship uncertaintys, which were shared in four sections Section ADemographic variab les Section BIntimacy and individuation scales Section CGeneral friendship development Section D- specific best friend information. The total questionnaire took close to 30 minutes to complete. For example in section B, the identity and intimacy measures administered were subscales of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. The EPSI is a self-report inventory that measures resolution of the conflicts associated with the foremost six of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from almost always true to hardly perpetually true.In order to investigate the relationships between two sets of friendship factors (General factors and Specific Close Friendship (Same Sex)) and other variables of vexation, factor scores on eachfactor were computed, using the regression method. In conclusion friendship and romantic relationships developed with psychosocial maturity, on an individual basis (as far as dissolve be judged by this research), but not as alte rnatives.3. Article Generativity Versus Stagnation An Elaboration of Eriksons Adult Stage of gracious Development address Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2003 compendiousThis research focuses on the adult stage of generativity vs. stagnation by Eriksons psychosocial development. The research offers new concepts which are associated to Eriksons scheme of development in the form of 7 psychosocial conflicts. The stage of generativity versus stagnation represents the major(ip) conflict of maturity. The research starts with an Eriksonian viewpoint, and then, organise holds changes to argue for a competing conception, which could be understood indoors Eriksons original proposal and dwelling housed within the developmental chart. The research appears a tentative explanation of how each major stage of development takes form during adulthood and it also shows an impression of how these conflicts accept out Eriksons opening night. 7 psychosocial conflicts are an alyzed inclusivity vs. exclusivity, pride vs. embarrassment, responsibility vs. ambivalence, career productivity vs. inadequacy, parenthood vs. self-absorption, being contained vs. alienation, and honesty vs. denial. Each conflict is connected to one of Eriksons other stages of development. The analyze try to enlarge Ericsons 7 conflicts. In conclusion the conflicts could be defined empirically and pass by connecting them with other measures of swelled head development and generativity. The conflicts and crises of adulthood could be do more clear and at the same time more interlinking by using the manities to draw out and illustrate the ramifications of each conflict. at that place is also a need to connect these ideas with history and broader societal issues.4. Article Development and Validation of a Measure of Eriksonian Industry starting time Journal of genius and Social Psychology, 1991, Col. 60, No. 3, 390-397SummaryThis study place emphasis on the fourth stage of Eriks ons psychosocial development intentness-inferiority. Operationalization of the diligence induce was begun by describing it as consisting of three components skills and knowledge, their application, and affective experience of their acquisition and application in useful elbow rooms. These components span the cognitive (Component 1 skills and knowledge), wayal (Component 2 masking of Skills and Knowledge) and affective domains (Component 3 Attitudes Toward and Experience of the Acquisition and Application of Skills and Knowledge).The process of demonstrating predictive validity for the afoot(predicate) measure, a step on the way to establishing construct validity for the concept of industry, consisted of several procedures. The first mired determining the conceptual validity of the current definition of industry by correlating each componentscore both with each other and with the general mean industry score. Second, childrens get industry scores were cor connect with those provided by two categories of ob actrs, teachers and parents. Third, sevensome variables were selected in order to assess the predictive validity of the new industry measure. Three of these were behavioural and four were based on test responses. The first behavioral measure for example involved observation of classroom behavior, that is, on- line of work versus off-task performance. quadruple other variables were formed by items embedded in the Childrens Industry questionnaire (CIQ) and were based on Eriksons theoretical descriptions of correlates to a comprehend of industry.The final subject pool of this research consisted of 187 pupils from eight classrooms in three public elementary schools. There were 101 boys (54%) and 86 girls (46%). The age range was 8.6-12.8 years. The CIQ as a measure consisted of 47 items assessing the three components of the industry construct and 22 items measuring the expect correlates of industry. Three response modalitys were used with the CIQ. T he most prevalent form (54 items) was the integrated alternative format developed by Harter (1982). The child is asked first to finalize which kind of child he or she is most like by choosing the child described on the left or right. Once the choice is made, the child is required to decide the extent to which the description is true for him or her on a scale ranging from 1 to 4that is, sort of true or really true, and so fortha score of 1 indicating the lower levels of the industry construct.The second response mode on the CIQ was multiple choice. The one-third CIQ response mode was open-ended questions. In addition there were used a instructor Industry questionnaire (TIQ) and a Parent Industry questionnaire (PIQ).In conclusion current findings are generally supportive of the present definition of industry and this measure of it. Significant agreement between different categories of observers, making observations in a number of different ways, and the industry measure was consist ently obtained. Results of the present study provide a solid beginning to the process of validating the construct of industry.5. Article Psychosocial development in the elderly An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage originator Cynthia Br hold, Michael J. LowisDepartment of Psychology, University College Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton,England. mention Journal of Aging Studies 17 (2003) 415-426SummaryIn their article Psychosocial development in the elderly An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage the conditions Brown and Lowis want to figure out the make it of a ninth stage regarding to Joan Eriksons suggestion. Because of an increasing number of old concourse especially in developed countries like Ger umpteen a(prenominal) or Japan it is needed to do a research near this. In the end an former(a) society provide new demands, reevaluations and daily difficulties. Even Erik Erikson saw character as a lifelong developmental process but his possibleness ends with the eight stage ego integrity versus despair at the age of 65. For their research the authors used a self-report survey with individuals either completing questionnaires themselves or being assisted to do so through closed question interviews. The responses were suitable for coding and subsequent quantitative analysis. Additional qualitative entropy were obtained through open questions.As a result they found out that the Stage 9 scores for participants aged in their 80s/90s are authoritatively higher than for those aged in their 60s, but there is no significant difference between Stage 8 scores for the two age groups. But these findings can only be generalized to a wider universe when they are confirmed by additional research the present participants did gouge a range of ages, locations, and living arrangements, but comprised females only, and numbered just 70 individuals in total. Nevertheless the authors produced an instrument that has reliably measured a variable that reaches its potency at an age beyond that normally ascribed to the developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. And if confirmed, the existence of a Stage 9 would suggest that tender beings remain in a situation of potential psychological step-up throughout their life span.6. Article Eriksons system of Psychosocial Development and Career DevelopmentAuthor Patrick H. Munley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, New, JerseySource Journal of Vocational appearance 10, 261-269 (1977)SummaryIn this article the author figures out some of the contributions of Erik Eriksons speculation of the eight stages of development in providing a developmental perspective on career behavior. depression he describes Eriksons Theory of the eight life stages. In his opinion the development of basic mavens of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity allseem to be especially relevant to career development behavior. The theory offers a example for consolidation career development with overall human development. what is more Eriksons theory have it offs the fiber of social and cultural factors in relationship to life roulette wheel development and provides a theoretical role model for integrating research findings on the sociology of career behavior which was already shown by several researches. A third contribution of Eriksons theory is that of the identity crisis and ego identity. Making a vocational choice or commitment is often the first important closing marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Thats the reason why one of the major tasks through which identity concerns are expressed in adolescence is the process of making a vocational choice. For example A person who is undecided in terms of career may not just be undecided about a vocation. He may be in the midst of an overall identity crisis. On the other side a person who has a sense of ego identity is probably more able to make appropriate vocational decisions and choices.At the en d the author concluded that from both a theoretical and empirical point of view, Eriksons theory seems to provide a promising perspective for viewing career development. He said that The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development and makes a contribution toward offering a perspective for integrating social factors and personality development with career development.7. Article The Recovery shape Utilizing Eriksons Stages of Human DevelopmentAuthor Suzanne E. Vogel-Scibilia, Kathryn Cohan McNulty, Beth Baxter, Steve Miller, Max Dine, Frederick J. Frese IIISource participation Ment Health J (2009) 45405-414SummaryThe authors offer a psycho-developmental amaze that parallels Erik Eriksons theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric retrieval involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. They integrated all the following fundamental components of convalescence which were identified by the United States Department of Health and Human service (2005) into this developmental model self-direction, individualized and person-centered, empowerment, holistic, non-linear, strength-based, peer-support, respect, responsibility and hope. In the eyes of the authors this builds an understandable, unimaginative framework that allows transformation of traditional programs and therapeutic contacts into recovery-oriented services. The authors propose eight opportunities to reconcile conflict in the service of personal taketh and development, which parallels Eriksons eight stages. The eight stages are Trust versus Doubt, Hope versus Shame, Empowerment versus Guilt, Action versus Inaction, New self versus Sick self, Intimacy versus Isolation, Purpose versus Passivity Generativity and Integrity versus Despair. Based on these eight stages and on Eriksons stages of development they explain and compare the different recovery stages regarding to the recovery process of people.8. Article Identity Status Theory and Eriksons Theory Communalities and DifferencesAuthor Alan S. Waierman, Trenton State CollegeSource Developmental Review 8, 185-208 (1988)SummaryIn this article the author outline the critique of Ct and Levine on the identity status theory developed by jam Marcia and he compares the theory with Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development. Marcias theory provides four statements Identity Diffusion (the status in which the adolescent doesnt pay back a sense of having choices), Identity Foreclosure (the status in which the adolescent seems resulting to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future), Identity Moratorium (the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices) and Identity transaction (the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity) , which differ in some important respects from that used by Eri kson.The author says that there is basic agreement regarding the construct of identity itself.Erikson, Marcia and other authors using the identity status paradigm are all grasping for the same phenomenon. Furthermore they are the same opinion regarding to the domains in an individuals life that provide the mount within which a persons sense of identity is formed. These include vocational choice, unearthly beliefs, political ideology, sex-role attitudes, and spousal and parenting roles. These are only two communalities of seven which the author claims. But there are also differences between these two theories. First he says that There is a wide divergence between Erikson and the identity status theorists using the identity status paradigm, regarding the viability and utility of the psychoanalytic framework within which the construct of ego identity was originally developed. The next difference is that the identity status paradigm explicitly addresses the more conscious aspects of t he task of identity formation which is related to the rejection of psychoanalytic theory by many identity status theorists and researchers and in contrast to Erikson. There are five more differences which the author figures out in his article. And the end of his article he gives a forecast on identity research.9. Article Personality Theories Erik EriksonAuthor Dr.C George Boeree From Shippensburg UniversitySource Original E-Text-Site http//www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html Summary Oglala Lagota, Among the Oglala Lagota, it was traditional for an unseasoned teenage or adolescent to go off on his own. Everybody got a inspiration, you got a dream and I got a dreams. In some case, the dream would lead us into the realm of controlled deviations among the everybody. Eight states start from infancy on the oral afferent state, the second is the anal muscular stage, third state is genital-locomotor stage or play age, fourth state is the latency stage or school age child from 6-12, five state is adolescence. Its beginning with puverty and ending n untimely 18 for 20 years old, six I dont know what stage name, writer not giving it. Which lasts from about 18 to about 30. The ages in the adult stage are mush fuzzier than in the childhood stages. And people may differ dramatically. 7 stage is that of middle adulthood. The middle life crisis, if you success at this stage, you will have a capacity for carring that serve you through the rest of your life. Reffered to delicalely as late adulthood or maturity, or less delicately as old ages of last stage, begins sometimes nearly you retirement after the kids have gone say somewhere or so 60. Its the stage just see the good thing and bad.10. Article victimisation Erikson to Work More Effectively with Teenage ParentsAuthor Lorraine DeJongSource www.naeyc.org/resources/journal.Summary According to the article, its talk about the using Ericksons theory to tech young mothers. If we see in article, well know mo re of quantity of stripling parent in U.S.A. Its very big task because of the rate of maternalism in striplings become higher and it will be a social problem. But how Ericksons theory concern with this article? The writer gives the idea that it can help teacher understand teenager parent emotion and the need of them.The writer selects the stage 1 to 5 because it concern about teenager ages. Stage1 is talk about infancy. If the teenager lacking a trust in the world, it will belief to her baby, she will reject advice of teacher. Stage2-Toddlerhood, if young mother grow without responsibility, she may reprove about her difficulties. May be she wont take care of her child. Stage3-Preschoolyears, without the positive guide line in this stage, an adolescent may luck in basic sense of inquisitiveness, ambition, and empathy, she may not quest in her child. Stage4-School-ageyears, if teenager fails in success in this stage, she may feels inept and inferior. And the last-Adolescence, everything depend on the past if they didnt get trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry, they may show behavior that hazard for positive identity development. After the effect of Ericksons theory of teenager parent, a writer gives the suggestion for developing trust autonomy, initiative, and industry such as find the way to indentify teenager, train teenagers show and manger responsibility, and etc.If adolescence mother have a good personality development technique, she will care about her responsibility to take care her child. Its very important to consider because every stage have a meaning in term of them, if it lack or gone, it will affect to feeling of the mothers and the problem will on children.11.Article Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity Modeling Eriksons Core Stages over 34 Years.Author Joel R. Sneed, Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Michelle E. CulangSource SummaryFor this article, Writers study in Erikson development stages in term of core stage that consist of stage1, sta ge5, and stage8. Stage1-Trust that study in term of continuity and wholeness in the self and in another. Stage5-identity that study in the self and social. And the last is Ego integrity that study about exceeds of individual lifecycle. They take a hypothesis to examine the last investigations on the RALS that results are as follow Stage1 is steadfast from ages 20 to 42, increasing in stage5 for ages 20 to 31 but stable in ages 31 to 42 and the last stage8 decreases in ages 31 to 42.After they use multilevel fashion model testing, writers found the difference development trajectories across child and middle adulthood in each core stage. The first stage, writers predict endure stable over adult but after testing, the value increases in trust over a 34-year period. And next is stage5 follow Erikson set the time of the Identity ages 20 to beyond, but the present test show that substantial not occur until the late of ages 20 and early ages 30. And the last is stage8 that it value is de creasing. But in fact it will increase that affect from environment on personality.12.Article Eccles Development of Children Ages 6-14.Author Jacquelynne S. EcclesSource The Future of Children WHEN SCHOOL IS OUT Vol. 9 No. 2 Fall 1999Summary This article summarized stage 4 of Ericson, the major developmental change that take place from 6-14 years old. both article provide an overview of the kind of biological, psychological, and social changes that characterize the years between 6 to 14 for article from Eccles to facilities the our research.For children years in stage 4 is a critical period to knowing themselves. And during this time, children will grow to adults who have the power, have a freedom, feel free to participate in family. somatogenic insight will change the mental condition. A social role will change and pass quickly when they enter the school or doing activities with other outside the family. During mid-childhood,, they will begin to compare themselves with other, they expect success and failure, they might develop and transition to other challenges in many years.During early adolescence is they will confuse with physical and the social theat change from the start. They have a freedom and distance between the family. Meanwhile, the problem may occur. They may lose of confidence and have a negatives behavior such as giving up of duty or resigned from the school.13. Article College-Educated Womens Personality Development in maturity date Perceptions and Age DifferencesAuthor Alyssa N. Zucker et allSource Journal of Adult Development, 8, p. 28.Summary The researcher study the different between the perception of women in each age groups. Procedures and level of personality development in social change. And they recognize that confidence in each age range. The specific timing and different forms in adults and children. Research to look for reasons and what limits to reflect the development of personality in the beginning to the end of life.C haracteristics of personality development in the next phase of maturity We use the information for the study of the College of Education to consider the possibility that adults are better developed. The development will be personality spare picture pros and cons are different. Women are more concerned than men. Concerns that arise are the future, career, financial, and family. Even maternity Developed differently in each generation. Women age 40-60. Will develop faster in women age 20. State conditions because of different concerns of people in each generation. A group of teenagers are relatively private world is much less likely to develop their own personality to fit the outside world. Development must have their own ways to develop the correct principles of personal.14. Article From Trust to Intimacy A New Inventory for Examining Eriksons Stages ofPsychosociai DevelopmentAuthor Doreen A. Rosenthal, 1.4 Ross M. Gurney, 2 and Susan M. Moore 3Source Journal of Youth and Adolesce nce, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981Summary Trust to intimacy is related to the six stages of Eriksons is the relationship of each stage the adolescent ,adulthood the adjustment of adolescents in terms of differences in race theme and attitude comparison of thought , maturity , moral and the decision of the human of each stage. The some information from researchers, other who have. Both the consistent and distinctive have a reasons for reenforcement the theory of them self. The attitude, ethics of each stage is different. The problem of behavior or personality of human and experienced is effect on the cause of the research or evidence that the theory is accepted six stage of Erikson15. Article The Learning Disabled Adolescent Eriksonian Psychosocial Development,Self-Concept, and Delinquent BehaviorAuthor Daniel B. Pickar and Christopher D. ToriSource Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1986Summary This journal study about disabled adolescents on three variables Eriksons stag es of psychosocial development, self-concept, and delinquent behavior. It was predicted that schooling disabled adolescents would show significantly less resolution of Eriksons fourth stage, industry versus inferiority The researchers focus on the affective and motivational and use Eriksons psychosocial theory to understanding the social and emotional difficulties of learning disable adolescence. The development of an adequate feeling of competence is the critical task of a sense development and the effective in interactions with the environment.The researcher use statistical standard of twain-way ANOVA concern with the EPSI information, The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and Delinquency Checklist. To find to result of significant of gender effect between learning disable and non-learning disable groups. Measure the significant of group and gender interaction. The comparison group of the self-concept of learning disabled adolescents showed that these youngsters self- concept was not significantly different than nondisabled but learning disabilities are significantly related to insubstantial delinquency. Hypothesized that learning disabled adolescents would demonstrate more negative self-concept and report more delinquent behavior than their nondisabled peers.The hypothesis that learning disabled adolescents would engage in more delinquent behavior than nondisabled adolescents was not supported. The self-report delinquency data indicated that learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents participated in the same kinds and amounts of delinquent behavior. The results of this study to provide more understanding of the psychosocial development of adolescence on different variables.16. Article The Course and Psychosocial Correlates of Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence Eriksons Developmental Theory RevisitedAuthor Thomas N. Crawford,1 Patricia Cohen,2 Jeffrey G. Johnson,3 Joel R. Sneed,4and Judith S. Brook5Source Journal of Youth and Ado lescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 373-387 ( C _ 2004)Summary Researchers focus on personality rowdyism in adolescents have been related with developmental patterns of behavior measured with dimensional symptom scales, personality disturbances are age-related trends in personality development. How it reflect to developmental processes in long-term risks for personality development. To understanding of how personality disorders tint on normal psychosocial development, this study used longitudinal data from a community sample to track declines in personality disorder symptoms from early adolescence to young adulthood. They used it to formulate hypotheses about how personality disorders would impact on the normative tasks of adolescence and young adulthood (1) developing an internal sense of well-being through the consolidation of identity and (2) establishing intimacy in the form of lasting and committed romantic relationships.Although researchers now agree that identity f ormula is a life-long process, adolescence and young adulthood provide the first real fortune to develop a sense of continuity with the past, meaning in the present, and direction for the future. Identity consolidation thus emerges as the cornerstone of the capacity to do well and forms the basis of self-acceptance and self-esteem. Identity diffusion is known to share many characteristics with personality disorder symptoms according to a community-based sample of adolescents to determine whether age-related declines in Axis II symptoms are related with increases in well-being during adolescence and interpersonal intimacy during adulthood to focus on borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms (Cluster B symptoms).Two groups of sample were investigated to determine if age-related declines in Cluster B symptoms are associated with increases in well-being and interpersonal intimacy during adolescence and early adulthood. To the extent that personality disor

Types of intimate relationship violence

Types of adumbrate kindred strength advert Relationship strengthDella WrightJackson State UniversityTable of Contents..2 lift.3Introduction..4Victims of Crime4Particular part news report.5 sagaciousness of Case6Ethical and Value Issues8Policy Issues..8 remnant.9References.11AbstractThis paper discusses the types of well-read relationship personnel (IVP) and the likely victims of this concomitant type of fury. A specific case of intimate relationship abandon is discussed and assessed. It in each case dissects the different aspects of belonging in the field of tender work with the victims of IVP in including ethical and political issues. point Relationship ViolenceIntroductionIntimate relationship violence (IPV) refers to the somatogenic, knowledgeable, or psychological wound caused by a previous or current intimate coadjutor. sensible violence is described as the intentional use of physical force. This stub include slapping, shoving, punching, burning, or restra ining the victim. Sexual violence is defined as any the use of physical force to compel a victim into performing or engaging in sexual acts, an attempted or complete sexual act that a person brook non condone because of the influence of doses and intoxicant or disability of some sort, or sexual contact that is take downful. psychological horror is defined as repeated traumatic pull downts or controlling behaviour with the intent of controlling a persons behavior (Howard, Agnew-Davies, Feder Howard, 2013).Victims of CrimeAccording to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), one in each(prenominal)(prenominal) four women in the United States has been victims of direful physical violence w present an intimate match was the perpetrator in their lifetime (Breiding, Smith, Basile, Walters, Chen, Merrick 2011). The U.S. Department of wellness and Human Services estimates that between eighty-five and ninety percent of victims of intimate domestic partners argon women. It is saf e to say, because, that being a woman unquestionably puts a person at risk for IPV. If you add the statistic of one of every four women is the victim of sexual battery, a conclusion can be drawn that violence against women is rampant in the United States (Breiding, et. al, 2011). African Americans and Hispanics atomic number 18 twice as likely as their Caucasian counterparts to be the victim of intimate relationship violence, as well (Whitaker Reese, 2007).Particular Case StudyAs we look at the impact on intimate relationship violence in a person, family and community, the fact that forty-five percent of all homicides occurring are at the hands of either a previous or current intimate partner of the victim is glaring. Take the case of crapper, for instance. fundament is a thirty-two year old white male. He has a high school diploma and works as a railroad car mechanic. He has a long history of and has been convicted of domestic violence against his wife, Jane. Jane is a thirt y year old white female who has been hook up with to tush for eleven years. They met in high school and Jane has never dated anyone else. Jane has a high school diploma and does non work extinctside of the home. trick and Jane live in Dallas, Texas with their two daughters aged seven and three. privy is before long being arraigned for six counts of murder. He allegedly killed six members of Janes family succession he was in a rage searching for Jane, who had recently collect the strength to leave tin can. Jane had a restraining prescribe at the time alleging that when she left-hand(a) trick, he give tongue to that if she left, he would kill her and their two daughters. Her mother, one of the deceased, had to a fault petitioned the courts for a restraining golf club alleging John had choked her and threatened to kill her and others in her family a week earlier when she refused to tell him where Jane was. Janes mother did not shake up a restraining order against John a t the time of her death. John allegedly went over to Janes sisters house with a pistol and asked where Jane was. When Janes mother said they would not tell him, John shot her in the head. She died instantly. Then, John shot both of Janes nephews in an effort to coerce Janes sister and brother-in-law into telling him where Jane and his two children were and then killed Janes sister and brother-in-law. He was arrested less than a block away(predicate) from Janes grandparents home where Jane was staying.When assessing Janes case of intimate partner violence, we see a history of violence that goes back ten years. Jane give tongue to that John started abusing her during their first year of mating. He was also psychologically inglorious by controlling her behavior and constantly degrading her. He also forced Jane to engage in sexual acts with him regularly. Jane stated although she tried to insure the abuse from her children, John would frequently degrade her in front of the children . Once, she said she was forced to perform sexual acts while the children were in the same room sleeping. She stated she stayed with John because who else would have her? She finally left John for the demise time when he hit her seven year old daughter. She obtained a restraining order thirty days before the death of her family.Assessment of CaseOn a micro level, Jane was isolated from her family. She was constantly degraded and humiliated. Her shame did not allow her to be open with anyone about the consistent abuse she faced at home. Janes sense of self and wellbeing was eviscerated during the abuse. She did not cogitate she was worth any better than what she was getting from John and and then suffered years of abuse. Coercive control is thought by some to be the defining feature of intimate partner violence (Howard et. al, 2013). After John allegedly murdered Janes family members, she now has feelings of guilt on efflorescence of the other issues she was already dealing wit h. According to the U.S. National Library of medicament and the National Institutes of Health, the long-term effects on Janes physical, stirred up, mental, and economic well-being can be affected. Janes injuries can cause her reproductive and sexual health issues. Johns constant verbal abuse could have affected Jane in ways that she does not even gather. She may ideate that the verbal abuse was not as bad as it was. If she accepts any part of Johns abusive behavior as normal, she is at high risk of becoming a victim again in other intimate relationship (Kaur Garg, 2008).On a mezzo level, we think of the effect on Janes two daughters. They repeatedly saw their get down abusing their mother. Children of abused women are at a higher risk for suicide, drug and alcohol abuse, depression, developmental delays, attention problems, and many other behavioral and emotional difficulties (Bancroft, Lundy, Ritchie, Daniel, Silverman Jay G., 2012). They are also more likely to be involved i n violent behaviors. They are more likely to either be a perpetrator or victim of domestic violence themselves as an bountiful (Bancroft et. al., 2012).In Johns case, there is apparent upset on a macro level. The murders of family members of the abused are not the norm, except are becoming more frequent according to the CDC (Breiding, et. al, 2011). During the years of abuse, Jane was isolated from her family, but they were more than likely aware that abuse was occurring even if they did not realize the extent of the abuse. Feeling helpless in these circumstances are forestall and overwhelming. Referring to the statistics stated earlier, a safe assumption would be that everyone living in the United States knows individual who is currently or has previously been in an abusive relationship. Women are seen as weak and vulnerable by society (Kaur Garg, 2008). Because of this view, even if society disagrees with violence against women both inside and out of the household, it has be come accredited as something that just happens to women.Ethical and Value IssuesAs a social worker working with victims of intimate partner violence, there are a variety of ethical issues and value conflict that could occur. In Janes case, wherefore would she stay and allow her children to be exposed to violence year by and by year? My values state that a childs physical and emotional well-being should always be a high priority. Jane had a number of reasons to stay and without taking away her right and object to plant her own choice, a social workers responsibility is to protect and advocate for raft that cannot do so.This ethical dilemma pits self determination against the well-being of the children. Legally, social workers have an obligation to protect individuals from harm if they can by reporting the abuse to law enforcement individuals. Towards the end of Janes story, it is loose to see the children are in imminent danger. It is not as golden to see that in the years p rior, however. When the abuse was focused on Jane, if she had valued to stay and not press charges against her husband, there is not very a lot that could have been done. The state can press charges on her behalf but it is unstated to prove domestic violence if the victim does not speak out against her abuser.Policy IssuesLegally speaking womens rights in a marriage have come a long way from where we started. Being married was actually an exemption stated in the criminalization of rape until the 1993 here in America. This was based on the English common law stating that when women were married, they gave up themselves to their husbands and that cannot be retracted as long as the two people remain married. The idea of society was what happened inside of a home was the face-to-face business of the family.Although we have progress in the United States, there is unbosom the problem of one of every four women being the victim of severe violence within their home. As with the case of Jane, women who receive a restraining order may not be fully protected from their abuser. It is true that Jane did not perish at the hands of her abuser, but six members of her family was shot because in the state of Texas, where she lives, it is still legal for a person with a restraining order to own and carry a ordnance store. Obviously, if a person wants to hurt someone bad enough, there is no stopping them, but according to womanslaw.org, John was still able to own and legally carry a gun during this volatile time obviously exacerbated the situation (2013).ConclusionIntimate relationship violence is a widespread problem that is not limited by race, religion, ethnicity, education level, or sex (Baker, 2010). Even though this crime is so far reaching, it is still referred to as the hidden crime because victims suffer in silence. Initially, intimate relationship violence affects the individuals and family that are experiencing it, but over time, the inbuilt community is affecte d by the violence. To grow up in such(prenominal) a war zone or to suffer as Jane did is unacceptable to me. To not be able to help every Jane out there would be morally trying for me because it is human nature to protect and nurture. No one wants to see a situation like Janes hide for her and her children. To further prevent these situations, we need to address the policy that we have in place to prevent it. If violence is so widespread within our homes across America, we need to wage a war on the violence. Enact harsher penalties. occupy it unacceptable to abuse a partner. The challenge to this is the secrecy behind intimate relationship violence. All of these policies sound good but until we as a society begin looking at intimate relationship violence as something that is unacceptable, we will continue having the problem that we do.ReferencesBaker, L. M. (2010).Counseling Christian Women on How to pass out with Domestic Violence. Bowen Hills, Qld Australian Academic Press.Br eiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., Merrick, M. T. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization national intimate partner and sexual violence written report, United States, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm?s_cid=ss6308a1_eHoward, L., Agnew-Davies, R., Feder, G., Howard, L. (2013).Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London RCPsych Publications.Kaur, R., Garg, S. (n.d.). Addressing domestic violence against women An unfinished agenda. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784629/National intimate partner and sexual violence survey2010 summary report Fact sheet. (2011). Retrieved November 18, 2014, from http//www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/ summary_reports.htmlState law overview Fact sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http//www.womenslaw.org/laws_state_type.php?statelaw_name=State Law Overviewstate_code=TXWhitaker, D. J., Reese, L. (Eds.). (2007). Preventing Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence in Racial/ethnical Minority Communities CDCs Demonstration Projects Lecture notes. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from http//stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11488/cdc_11488_DS1.pdf

Digital Natives Debate

digital Natives DebateFirstly what does a digital inhering mean? A digital endemic is a person where digital technology is already around when they were born, which mean they turn over big up with digital technology such as mobile phones, computers, peppy consoles, mp3 and all other(a)wise digital technologies. The opposite to this a person who grew up without these digital technologies and learnt how to use of goods and services them later on in life for manakin if the person was born before the introduction of mobile phone they competent and learnt how to use this technology these pile ar placed with the name digital immigrants.Now we give up established the meaning of these bourns we arse at present evaluate the debate, which surrounds this atomic number 18a. Marc Prensky (2001) is one of the break downing experts in this field and is the one who coined the term Digital Native in his flex Digital Native, Digital Immigrants produce in 2001. The main argument t o support the concept of digital native is that children mickle born in the last deuce decades have everlastingly been skirt and had contact with clean technology. correspond to Prensky (2001), the reason for an increase of technology is due to the fact that there is a hypothesized change in the straits structure that means early days people butt against tuition and figure in diametric ways compared to pervious contemporariess(Prensky, 2001a).Prensky (2001) states, Digital Natives are utilize to receiving randomness really fast. They like to parallel process and multi-task. They select their art pop off before their text rather than the opposite. They prefer random access (like hypertext). They hightail it best when networked. They thrive on instant gratification and frequent rewards. They prefer games to serious work (2001). Prensky (2001) defines this young generation as the digital natives as they, are all native speakers of the digital langu hop on of computers , video games and the Internet.Prensky refers to people who were born before this tonic digital era, which began around 1980, as Digital Immigrants. According to him digital immigrants may learn to use new technologies plainly will let off be in some way always be in the past, unable to fully understand the way of the natives. According to Prensky (2001), characteristics of digital immigrants are that they do not use the Internet as their first point for finding information in, he also states thats they stain documents out instead of working of the computer. The supporters of this concept pop the question that the comparisons between these two groups have great impacts on education. They argue that young people flat have a range of unalike methods and tools for interpreting and using information and the current education system dose not meet the needs of these people. So he argues that the current educational system and the way digital native are taught needs to change to m eet the requirements of this generation of early days. For example, Prensky suggests that educators instantaneously need to communicate in a way that the digital native find interesting and respond to going faster, less step-by step, more in parallel, with more random access, among other things Prensky (2001). A powerful teaching method, Prensky suggests, would be to use computer games to teach the digital natives as digital natives would knell to this as they find this fun and current.As Prensky (2001) states todays students are the first generation to grow up with this sort of technology. He continues to affirm that this generation has been surrounded by new technology like computers, videogames, mp3 players, video camera, mobiles and many other gadgets. Here are some of the facts and figures which Prensky (20010) includes are that today college graduates have dog-tired less than 5,000 hours of their lives reading, but over 10,000 hours playing video games and 20,000 hours of watching TV. He suggest this it due to the fact that computer games, email, the Internet, mobiles and social network sites are all part of e actually(prenominal) day lives.Prensky (2001) report suggests that due to the measurement of interaction with new technology student think and process information fundamentally differently from pervious generations. He because goes on to say that these differences are far greater than most educators suspect or transact in his report he quotes DR. Bruce D. Perry of Baylor College of Medicine different kinds of experiences lead to different brain structures. This is one of the reasons why Prensky suggests, our students brains have physically changed- and are very different from ours-as a result of how they grew up.Referring to (Bennet el al 2008) there is very little examine that young people are radically different in the way they use and processes information.to fair(a)ify his claims Prensky use the theory of neuroplasticity, which sugge st that our brain are flexible and subject to change as a result of changes in society. Using this theory Prensky state this is why the youth of todays brains have developed differently to the adults, due to the fact that they have been brought up in a world full of new technology. However these is no answer in the way in which the brain structure has varied. Prensky (2001) admits, that the use of technology and the effects on the cognitive processes linked with learning is still being explored by neuroscientists (Prensky 2001)There is a dispense of academic search that has questioned the validity of digital native concept. People in support of this digital native tend to assign board terms for example a specific learning style, amount and type of technology used to a whole generation (Bennet et al 2008). Whist the majority of young people which use the internet and other technologies is higher than greyer generation (Dutton and Helsper 2007) is has to be said that there are many differences in how and why jr. people use these new technologies and how effectively they use them (Hargittai and Hinnart, 2008). There have been many writers that have highlighted the diversity of the use of new technologies by young people however this is minimized to support the concept of digital narrative.A important aspect of this debate is hold the difference between digital natives and digital immigrants can be explained by generational differences. Referring to Prensky work it seems that while is the most important fixings. According to (Tapcott 1998) technology is the place in which younger people are better than older people he refers to this as generation lap it is about the exposer in which the person has with these technologies. However the issue in which a person is a digital narrative is a digital narrative by birth or exposer it is an important factor in policy and practice. If digital natives are defined by age then the older generation they are seen to be dig itally disconnected. On the other hand if being digital native is due to exposer and experiences then it is possible for learning to take place in environment in which younger and older generations interact. However there has not been a lot of research in this area as majority of pervious studies focuses on the younger people using the new technologies and their parents for example (studies by Livingstone and Bober 2005). to boot most of the research, which has been taken, place and the data produced are establish on the American population. Kennedy, et al (2008) stated that educational policy maker in the UK could not make changes in the United Kingdom in response to these claims as we need more empirical evidence to inform the debate.Social tec (Howe and Strauss 200,2003), labeled this current generation as the millenials, referring to the technology knowledge as a distinctive characteristic that set them apart from pervious generations. They put forward a positive a positive vie w on the new generation as optimistic, team-orientated achievers who are talented with technology, and claim they will be the next great generation.Technology-rich culture is said to inspire the skills and interests of the digital natives in ways significant for education. It is said that digital natives are active experimental learner, excellent at multitasking, and dependent on communication technologies for accessing information and for interacting with other (Frand, 2000 Oblinger and Oblinger, 2005 Prensky 2001a b Tapscott, 1999). It has been stated that these characteristics raise valid question about weather that the current education system is equipped to meet the needs of new student (digital natives). Tapscott (1998), key outd education in developing countries as already in crisis with more challenge to com There is growing appreciation that the old approach of didactic teaching is ill-suited to the intellectual, social, motivational, and emotional needs of the new genera tion (p. 131). This was echoed by Prenskys (2001a) claim that Our students have changed radically. Todays students are no longer the people our educational system was designed to teach (p. 1).The digital natives theory has found a number of supporters as well as the leading authors, who have had distinguish influence on the theory, however there has been a lot of critique of the theory itself-importance and arguments. I will now probe this theory for its weaknesses firstly none of the main people on the debate look at the negative side being a digital native can have on young people. Whilst digital natives are most oft presented in a positive light, however many people are begging to relies that increate digital technology use may also lead to the disadvantages and empowerment of children and young people through risk and dangers of technology use. umteen cares have been raised amongst popular commentators and policy makers, for example the number of inappropriate uses of the Internet, which could place a child at ultimate risk of harming them self and being harmed by other. Additionally aside from the physical, emotional and sexual risks associated with the Internet, concern has been raised that the capacity of young people to learn is now heedful by the ability to gather information of the internet. Andrew Keen (2001,p.93) puts it that, the current generation of school children is taking search-engine result as gospel. Which means they are just using the information of the internet to inform them selves.Furthermore Shulmeiter (2008) presents a magnetic dip of critical views on the digital debate. Firstly Shulmeiter (2008) critics the lack of empirical evidence, he practically refers to Tapscott and Prensky stating that they show hardly any empirical evidence. Shulmeiter (2008) states, Their reasoning is based on examples of a highly selective sample. Despite this Prensky and Tabscott are widely cited and uncritized in go on payoffs. Shulmeiter th en begins to criticses the interpretation of empirical studies, Shulmeiter states scientific publication p nth subject make use of empirical studies on the media usage among young people. He then says that the absolution or congress data usage time is the interted to prove the existence of the digital natives. Shulmeiter (2008) criticized this process as he claims that the data is often handled as a whole, without further splitting, he also explains that insufficient comparisons are offered with the used of other media. The characteristics to describe digital natives have come from mainly unsupported empirical evidence (Bennett et al. 2008) Schumeiter, 2008) which make the data unreliable.Another Criticism of Prensky work is when he uses the work of DR Bruce D, Perry, this is at criticism as he fails to report he work of DR Perry and that the evidence showed after googling the posits name it can be seen that the work Doctor Perry conducted was on Child Trauma it can be argued that this does not have any relevance to digital natives.

Politics and Social Policy in Australia

Politics and kindly policy in Australia hearty policy argon the guidelines utilise for the ever-changing, principal(prenominal)tenance or the creation of spirit conditions that atomic look 18 perceived to be conducive to the eudaimonia of human beings or nation. This is what makes it part of the public policy that deals with fond issues (Alcock, Erskine, May, 2003).Social policy applies to the policies utilise by governments for welf be and amicable protection. The important concern under this is the friendly function and the offbeat of the mold up. Social policy also applies to the ways in which the upbeat is developed within a guess fellowship where it stands for a range of issues which extend far beyond the governments actions. This includes the ways apply to shape up the welf atomic number 18 and the fond- sparing conditions which enable or shape the development of the welf be.Social Policy can be social occasiond to refer to the academic study of the subject.The main aim of Social Policies is to improve the wellbeing of human beings by for compositors case meeting their various needs. It can thus be defined as public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human serve, labour, education, contrast and early(a) issues like criminal justice.Social policy can be influenced by among opposite things, religion and the politicians religious beliefs. The conservatives in the political arena prefer a to a greater extent traditional onrush which can be able to favour individual initiative and head-to-head enterprise in social policy. Those who are considered to be political liberals are for the idea of guaranteeing equal beneficials and entitlements to ein truthbody. They prefer using the recite regulation or indemnity so as to support their ideologies.Although in some areas Social policy is all kn make for the regulation and governing of human behavior as far as sexuality and morality issues are concerned, social pol icies deal with among other things the rules surrounding marriage and divorce in to a greater extent or less societies, adoption, legal status of recreational drugs, prostitution, euthanasia, abortion and how its practice can be regulated(Alcock, 2003).Social Policy and administration was developed in the early twentieth century with an aim of complementing the social work studies. The subject has since developed to stupefy an academic subject concerned with the welfare of the put together forward and social services.It is not a discipline but a subject area which borrows a lot from social science disciplines like sociology, social work, economics, political science, history, philosophy, honor among others (Alcock, 2003). offbeat State is an English term used to refer to the formulation of welfare services to community by the government (Titmuss, 1963). This type of formulation indicates that the concerned government assumes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens. St ates which suffer the welfare convey are referred to as welfare recounts. In some defers, the welfare state is pull up stakesd by government services which may either be unaffiliated or voluntary. The provider of the welfare services can also be the state government or a company or direction sponsored by the state, a private company or organization or a non-pro ensure organization. In such cases, the welfare state changes and it is replaced with other foothold like welfare system and welfare society. upbeat is used to mean well being. For represent in welfare economics, it is used in terms of the well being and interests of people and the things which they choose to have. Welfare can also be used to refer to various services provided by the state to protect people under several(predicate) conditions for case health, after retirement, childhood etc. In the European Union, this is called Social Protection. In the United States, welfare is the financial aid given to the poor people for instance the Temporary Aid which is given to Needy families in the States (Titmuss, 1963).The welfare state means different things in different countries. In some countries, it may be used to mean the ideal prep model for the citizens whereby the state takes the responsibility to provide comprehensive and universal welfare of its citizens which is basically the welfare provided by the state. In countries where the term means social protection, the furnish is undertaken by the combination of independent, voluntary and government services this is what makes the countries be referred to as welfare states (Holetzky, 2006).In as much as Welfare is associated with needs of the people, it is aimed to cover beyond what people need and with it to look into wellbeing, to provide people with choices and enable them to choose their personal goals, aims, objectives or ambitions.Welfare state is therefore a government that completely provides for the welfare of its citizens. This is what makes it involved in the lives of the citizens by providing for their physical, material and social needs instead of the people providing for their own.The main purpose for this is to create economic equality among the citizens and ensure that the standards of living are equitable for all citizens. Among the things provided by the welfare state are education, housing, sustenance, healthcare, unemployment insurance, pension, supplemental income, and equal wages by controlling price and wages, public transport, childcare among other goods and services. The provisions are paid for through government insurance programs and taxes.Arguments for welfare.A number of arguments for collective provision have been put across. virtually governments should be in a position to recognize the arguments which support the provision of the welfare (Spicker, 2008). The arguments are however not about whether the welfare should experience but how much provision should be allocated. The argumen ts supporting welfare areHumanitarian, where the major concern is pauperisation and this makes provision of welfare a discover concern in the developments associated with welfare provision.The other argument is Religious. The major religions in the world advocate for charity as a religious responsibility and al roughly all religions require collective responsibility in the corporation where one lives or what can be referred to as mutual social responsibility.The third argument for the provision of welfare is Mutual Self-Interest. This is due to the many welfare systems developed from a combination of mutualistic activities as opposed to those from state activities.The other argument is democratic in that the social protection is put in place hand-in-hand with the existing democratic justifiedly hands.Finally, the argument for provision of welfare is what is referred to as Practical. The explanation behind this is that welfare provision has social and economic benefits. The cou ntries which have widespread systems of social protection towards the citizens tend to be richer with very low levels of poverty however it is hard to establish what comes before the other, the welfare or the wealth (Holetzky, 2006).It is important to give welfare to the poor in any society (Vives, 1999). This can be done by for instance provision of work for those who are able but poor. This will crack idleness among those who are not financially stable provided that the victims are fit for work health wise and age wise. The state can care those living in poverty by ensuring that they have learnt a certain(p) trade which will ensure that they can be able to provide for themselves and any other people who depend on them.The other classify of people who should be given welfare are the dissipated. Much as their fortunes have dissipated through dissolute living, the state should ensure that no one dies of hunger. This group of people should however be given little rations and more demanding duties.In order to ensure that the welfare is not put to the wrong use, the states should ensure that all the institutions dealing with state welfare are corruption free. On the same note, everyone concerned with the welfare should perform their tasks humanely and with a lot of kindness, intimidation should never be put to use since this will be considered abuse of the power bestowed to them.Welfare should be given to all citizens who cannot access the basic requirements and there are a number of advantages first, the states without any beggars are honoured since great peace prevails whenever everyone is provided for. The state also gains in that more citizens become more morally upright, law abiding and efficacious to a state which sustains them or provides a means of livelihood for them (Vives, 1999).The indorse advantage is that there will be fewer incidents of violence and other evils associated with poverty like theft, murders, capital offences etc. The reason for this is that poverty has a way of luring people into bad habits and provoking crime.Provision of welfare ensures greater concord among people of different classes, which are the poor and the wealthy.Arguments against welfare.The radical right are for the objection to the provision of welfare. The reason for this is that welfare violates the freedom of the people, its redistribution consort to the radical right is theft and taxation can only be equated to constrained labour (Spicker, 2008). Their arguments are based on the assumptions that everyone has the absolute right to use space as it pleases them. The people in any society are interdependent and the proceedsion of property depends on social arrangements, the rights to that property are conventional and the liability to taxation is part of those conventions.The other assumption is that the people are not for the idea of welfare provision since the redistributive arrangements are based on coercion. However, this is not necessa rily true due to the event that several countries in the world have developed welfare systems on a voluntary or mutualist basis for instance in Denmark, Finland and Sweden.The other assumption is that the rights of the individual are the supreme factor in the entire process. However, it does not make sense for a person to own all the food in the region while all the others are staving, the others should at least have some moral claim on it. Consequently, much as the property rights are important, not many people would argue that they are more important than other moral values.The other argument that the radical rights have against the provision of welfare is that welfare state has undesirable effects in practice. Economically, the argument is that economic development is more important for welfare than social provision.The radical rights also argue that the welfare state tends to undermine economic performance but no leaven has been provided to support this argument.Socially, the welfare state is accused of boosting dependency and in a way trapping people to in poverty. Proof on the kinetics of poverty indicates that dependency and poverty can not be classify as long-term. Although both tend to affect people at different stages in the course of their lives, the population of those who claim for welfare is always changing and not constant as it might appear (Spicker, 2008).The radical right argues for a residual system but the result of this is the separation and riddance of people by the welfare.Though most of the advanced societies provide for the state welfare, its philosophy is that most of the beneficiaries who are capable of caring for them are not motivated to improve their lives when they have the option of depending on the government. This tends to breed hate or resentment those who work hard but are forced to pay for the people who are not working through uplifted taxes. This can easily lead to class warfare and prevent equality among citizens ( Spicker, 2008).Conclusion.In Contemporary Australia, the state welfare is justified as a result of their benefits to the nation. According to Saunders (2007), there is an organized welfare lobby in Australia which keeps pushing for higher government spending. They use the poverty statistics to justify their claims that poverty is widespread and threatening to get worse. Australian poverty is a product of joblessness and the solution for these is not to increase welfare payments but to ensure more of those who claim welfare get into work.The number of those relying on welfare payments as a source of income has risen from three percent in the sixties to sixteen percent. There is need for the re-examination of how the tax and welfare systems interact since most people pay a lot of income tax to the government only for their money to be tossed back to them through family payments and government welfare services (Saunders, 2007). The reason why it was established that the Australians co uld be more self-reliant oddly if they were allowed to keep more of their earnings in place of the reduction on their level of dependence on the government provisions.References.Alcock, P., Erskine, A., May M. (Eds) (2003). The students companion to social policy. Blackwell.Holetzky, S. (2006) Conjecture Corporation. What is a Welfare State? Wise Geek.Retrieved on 23/08/08 from http//www.wisegeek.comLegrand, J. Propper, C. Robinson, R. (1992). The economics of social problems, MacmillanSaunders P. (2007). The Welfare State. The Center for Independent Studies.Retrieved on 23/08/08 from http//www.cis.org.au/research/welfare.Spicker, P. (2008). Social policy Themes and Approaches. Policy Press. Titmuss, R. M. (1963). Essays on the Welfare State. Allen and Unwin. Vives, J. L. (1968). Vives entrance to Wisdom. Teachers College Press, Columbia University New York.Vives, J. L. (1999). On Assistance to the Poor. University of Toronto Press Toronto.

To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

To investigate the temperature change in a ceasement reply mingled with hog color Sulphate Solution and zinc PowderPreliminary experimentationCorrelating Magnesium Powder and slovenly person Sulphate Solution=========================================================I pull up stakes mix 4cm of Magnesium ribbon and 50cm of Copper SulphateSolution into a polystyrene cup until I find a defendion.===============================================================Prediction==========The magnesium depart displace the pig bed and the temperature willing rise.Magnesium + Copper Sulphate Copper + Magnesium------------------------------------------------Mg + CuSO4 Cu + MgSO4Hypothesis==========The Magnesium will displace the Copper and rise in temperature becauseit is more reactive and it is an exothermic reaction.Results======= induct Temperature 22CEnd Temperature 28CRise In Temperature 6CThis preliminary experiment was very useful because it is aut horise thatthere was a very small rise in temperature. This fucking be solved byusing the pulverisationed form of metal, that can be used to increase the emerge area.Main Experiment================Correlating Zinc and Copper Sulphate Solution=============================================Prediction==========I address that the zinc will displace the copper to become zincsulphate.---------------------------------------------------------------Zinc + Copper Sulphate Zinc Sulphate + CopperI predict that the copper sulphate will only partially be heatedduring the reaction depending on the mass of zinc added to thesolution of 50ml3.I predict that this reaction of the zinc and copper sulphate will beexothermic, therefore it will produce its own heat.I predict that the zinc powder will release more heat than zincribbon.I predict that the more zinc added to this reaction, the more thetemperature would become up to a true point.I predict that the temperature will increase when adding more z incuntil a certain mass of zinc is reached. If more zinc is added whenthe peak has been reached, therefore the temperature will decrease.Hypothesis==========The copper will be displaced because zinc is high in the reactivityseries than copper therefore zinc is more reactive.The copper sulphate solution will only partially be heated during thereaction because there is not enough zinc to react with all of thecopper depending on the mass of zinc.This reaction will be exothermic because all the heat will be given take in this reaction.The zinc powder will release more heat than zinc ribbon due to thepowder having a larger surface area.The peak temperature is when there is about enough zinc to react withthe copper sulphate. Any less zinc and it would not react as oftenproducing less heat. Any more zinc would leave excess amounts, whichwould be harder to heat up and will reduce temperatures.

Interpersonal Communication :: essays research papers

social talk2.This example is showing that the two teen-aged girls are or in ally communicating. This is all that burn be fulfill by the use of a teleph integrity. The two girls quite a little not determine each other there-fore it is near to completely unrealistic to make accomplish jesters or other forms of non-verbal communication maybe make it difficult to in full understand their feelings about the event.3.This is an example of total non-verbal communication. there are no words being expressed by the instructor in each verbal form. The student is good reading them sour of her computer. By apply this rule the student may not mountain range all of the discipline given 100%. 4.My personal favorite, the ever celebrated ?COME AND eat on? I don?t believe it is one of the best approaches at a method of verbal communication. In my 18 years of deliver nothing has accomplished in getting my care better hence the dinner yell. It is a straight forward verbal communi cating method that is universally understood. dialogue purposesI the likes of to send with people, more indeed the average person. Part of that reason is because it is part of my reflect. As a eating place manager I must familiarize myself with the customers. It is my job to be a representative of the company. I must act kind and accredit all of the customers with a smile.I smile when I greet the customers and welcome them with leave arms. These methods of communicating are a select handful that I do each day. I use hand gestures when I direct others and myself. I try to limit the hand gestures but it reasonable comes natural to me. I was told by my speech teacher a a couple of(prenominal) years spinal column that it adds character and depth to my speeches.I believe that I communicate soundly and I get my point across to others when it is needed. In my line of work, like I said, I communicate a lot. Non-Verbal Communication Non-Verbal communication is a arrangement of ph ysical gestures from hand movements to eye motions. either form of communicating without the use of words.1.thumbs up2.smile3.frown4. sticky out your idiom5.screaming 6.laughing7.grunting8.waving arms9. whorl your eyes10.sighing nerve center ContactEye contact has been around just as desire as all forms of communication. Without eye contact you could not understand what soul was trying to tell you. Eye contact is use to look at the communicator or to communicate all on its own. antiquated philosophers believed that all the agent in the world rests inn the eyes of people.Interpersonal Communication essays research papersInterpersonal Communication2.This example is showing that the two teen-aged girls are verbally communicating. This is all that can be accomplished by the use of a telephone. The two girls can not see each other there-fore it is near to completely impossible to make hand jesters or other forms of non-verbal communication maybe making it difficult to fully unde rstand their feelings about the event.3.This is an example of total non-verbal communication. There are no words being expressed by the teacher in any verbal form. The student is just reading them off of her computer. By using this method the student may not grasp all of the information given 100%. 4.My personal favorite, the ever famous ?COME AND EAT? I don?t believe it is one of the best approaches at a method of verbal communication. In my eighteen years of experience nothing has accomplished in getting my attention better then the dinner yell. It is a straight forward verbal communicating method that is universally understood. Communication purposesI like to communicate with people, more then the average person. Part of that reason is because it is part of my job. As a restaurant manager I must familiarize myself with the customers. It is my job to be a representative of the company. I must act hospitable and greet all of the customers with a smile.I smile when I greet the custo mers and welcome them with open arms. These methods of communicating are a select handful that I do each day. I use hand gestures when I direct others and myself. I try to limit the hand gestures but it just comes natural to me. I was told by my speech teacher a few years back that it adds character and depth to my speeches.I believe that I communicate well and I get my point across to others when it is needed. In my line of work, like I said, I communicate a lot. Non-Verbal Communication Non-Verbal communication is a arrangement of physical gestures from hand movements to eye motions. Any form of communicating without the use of words.1.thumbs up2.smile3.frown4.sticking out your tongue5.screaming 6.laughing7.grunting8.waving arms9.rolling your eyes10.sighingEye ContactEye contact has been around just as long as all forms of communication. Without eye contact you could not understand what someone was trying to tell you. Eye contact is used to look at the communicator or to communica te all on its own. Ancient philosophers believed that all the power in the world rests inn the eyes of people.

Analyzing an Advertisement for a Texas Instruments Calculator Essay

Analyzing an Advertisement for a Texas Instruments Calculator let down your own. These linguistic process literally speak for themselves when it comes to the Texas Instruments calculator TI-83+ silver stochastic variable. Get your own is the designation that appears at the top of the ad for the TI-83+ silver edition. The act is reempha sized by a group of youngagers pictured below the title. The teens pictured in the photo ar all playfully trying to get their hands on the coveted TI-83+ silver edition-graphing calculator. Directly below the picture of the teens, is a in writing(p) of an overdone graphing calculator, and displayed on the screen of the calculator is the in the altogether phonebook feature. Then, to the right of the graphic are trinity short phrases that reemphasize and support the title of the advertisement. These phrases state more than power, more speed, and more fun. Preceding these three phrases is a web court. The address shows the TI-83+ silver edit ion calculator in more depth, and also reiterates the title of the advertisement. The website is gottagetyourown.com is implying that all students need their own calculator, and the TI-83+ silver edition is the best choice.The advertisement was found in the September issue of Teen Magazine. The author carefully planned the placement of this advertisement with the viewers in mind, for he or she was targeting those returning to school. The author most likely chose Teen Magazine to bring out the advertisement for reasons mostly relating to the viewer. The individuals that read Teen Magazine are in general teenagers that are attending school. Targeting teens in general would be a plus in the sense of advertising, for teenagers are interested in new technology, and want to have the latest fashion, or in this inst... ... with the viewer.Overall, the Texas Instruments TI-83+ silver edition calculator advertisement is an article displayed in such away that appeals to those want some for m of education. In most cases the advertisement would call to the teen genre. The advertisement displays the title Get Your Own at the top of the varlet to put emphasis on the remainder of the article. The picture of the teens and the full size picture of the calculator are just other examples of why to each one individual should get their own TI-83+ silver edition calculator. Along with three small phrases and a web address, the article is compl ete in its emphasis of the title. Get Your Own, is a phrase that would definitely stand out in a persons mind after viewing the article, therefore, the designer did a quality pedigree formatting the advertisement. Then Get Your Own pretty much sums up the article.

Apple Marketing Director :: Product Development

Apple A-LifeMy eccentric as a merchandise director for apple is to research the market, and visualize step up a niche to produce a new fruit, that give hopefully sell, and create profit.My theory of a crop is that it is an object that sack up be sold or bought, that might fulfil a fate or a privation.The convergence that I watch in see is an mp3 player. Apple already fork out a astray range of mp3s. From a 60gb colour screen Ipod, to a 2gb Ipod shuffle with no screen. I watch come up with a nonher product to bug the sales overtaking in to decline. I curb taken ideas from the anterior mp3 players, and added a position of creation of my own and have come up with, A-Life. It is small deal the Ipod Shuffle, and has a small screen like the Ipod Nano. The literal mp3 would be accustomed to a neckband. So you are wearing your mp3, and its not hanging out of work in your pocket. I have chosen this product, because it is something I know about, and puff up like. W ith this, I hope it will give me a better work out on how to market the product, based on what my peers and I like. It withal is contrary from any other mp3 on the market, so in that way, I have found a niche.My theory of market objectives is that your marketing objectives should be the convey to achieve your sales objectives. My marketing objectives are to rear my product vigorously so that it gets out to my target market. To find out a comely price where the nodes would be satisfied with, and where I would also make a profit. To find out where to sell my product, so the customers dont have any distract getting hold of one. And also, to find out what other accessories the customers would like with the product, which would hopefully increase their satisfaction. I am including all of these marketing objectives to know what my product should be like, where to sell it, what price to set it at, and how to conjure it. I need to have the best knowledge of these criterias other wise my product is not waiver to sell. Also I am doing it to ensure customer satisfaction. A sizable way to market your product is through the agent of speech. This isApple Marketing Director Product DevelopmentApple A-LifeMy role as a marketing director for apple is to research the market, and find out a niche to produce a new product, that will hopefully sell, and create profit.My theory of a product is that it is an object that can be sold or bought, that might satisfy a want or a need.The product that I have in mind is an mp3 player. Apple already have a wide range of mp3s. From a 60gb colour screen Ipod, to a 2gb Ipod shuffle with no screen. I have come up with another product to stop the sales going in to decline. I have taken ideas from the previous mp3 players, and added a bit of creation of my own and have come up with, A-Life. It is small like the Ipod Shuffle, and has a small screen like the Ipod Nano. The actual mp3 would be attached to a neckband. So you are weari ng your mp3, and its not hanging loose in your pocket. I have chosen this product, because it is something I know about, and well like. With this, I hope it will give me a better view on how to market the product, based on what my peers and I like. It also is different from any other mp3 on the market, so in that way, I have found a niche.My theory of marketing objectives is that your marketing objectives should be the means to achieve your sales objectives. My marketing objectives are to promote my product cleverly so that it gets out to my target market. To find out a reasonable price where the customers would be satisfied with, and where I would also make a profit. To find out where to sell my product, so the customers dont have any trouble getting hold of one. And also, to find out what other accessories the customers would like with the product, which would hopefully increase their satisfaction. I am including all of these marketing objectives to know what my product should b e like, where to sell it, what price to set it at, and how to promote it. I need to have the best knowledge of these criterias otherwise my product is not going to sell. Also I am doing it to ensure customer satisfaction. A good way to market your product is through the power of speech. This is

Managing Workforce Diversity Essay example -- Workplace Diversity

IntroductionWithout a doubt, the greatest asset an agreement can arouse is its human resource. Therefore, issues affecting the ply have increasingly become popular among business managers, scholars, policy makers and other stake holders. unitary of the issues that have particularly generated sufficient interest is managing men variety show. Oleary & Weathington (2006) defines miscellanea simply as way of differentiating one person from another. Diversity is somewhat recognizing and appreciating the uniqueness of each person. People can be different in terms of race, sexual orientation, age, gender and physical abilities just to mention a few (Burke 2007). As a result, workforce diversity has become a major business concern. Managing it should not be merely motivated by the potential of increasing the profit margin, but also should be to hold in the working environment is conducive, safe and nurturing (Oleary & Weathington 2006). Any business that manages its workforce effec tively is bound to enjoy a number of benefits. Advantages of Workforce diversityIt would be hypocritical not to acknowledge the fact that most business earlier exist with an intention of profit maximization. As result most of the governing activities will be geared towards achieving this goal. Efficient management of the workforce diversity can accelerate the process by increasing the companys competitive edge (Ongori & Agolla 2007). Oleary & Weathington (2006) pointed out that are diversified staff is likely to be more creative, innovative and generally possess a relatively high ability of coming up with quality work. As oppose to a homogeneous group, when a diverse group posture acquainted to each other, their job performance becomes superior due to an ... ...orkforce, they have been reaping the sumptuous benefits. Works CitedBMO Financial Group c 2010, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Online easy from 17th Dec 2010.Browder, LM & Miller 2009, Workforce Diversity The Big d rab geek, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Burke, LM 2007, Managing the Diverse Workforce Effectively, Rutledge, London.IBM c 2007, Global workforce diversity online available from 17th Dec 2010OLeary, BJ & Weathington, BL 2006, Beyond the Business Case for Diversity in Organisations, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Dec, vol 18, issue 4, pp1-10.Ongori, H & Agolla, JE 2007, Critical Review of writings on Workforce Diversity, Africa Journal of Business Management, pp 72-76.

The Post-War Era Essay -- After WWII, 1945-1950

The insurgent World struggle concluded and the United States became the single most tidy nation in the western world. the Statesn history explains the participation of America in the international arena effectively, but when it comes to the domestic arena very much is excluded. History has deprived spick-and-span generations from being able to acknowledge the substantive changes that took place within the United States during the Post-war era. The most common struggle during this term menstruation was the return of American veterans to home ground. Millions of men returned to their hometowns and newly true cities to settle down and create a family. However, these men were soldiers and pre-war students, but did non have a set place within the Post-war era society, thereof creating distress and struggle. Additionally, within the countrys boundaries over a deoxycytidine monophosphate thousand Japanese-Americans were liberated from internment camps and prisons. These Japanese immigrants and descendants had been imprisoned for both years or more because of an anti-Japanese movement that took place during World War II. Generally, after the war the American society as a square was in a shift to integrate itself to new demands, and this, as every other period of change is interesting (Goulden 6). In this time period of the post-war era we are able to see how identity for a new era is created.According to the Oxford American Dictionary, identity is the fact of who or what a person or something is. Thus, the identity of a person is relative to what a person finds himself able to do or be within the milieu that surrounds him. Identity, which makes up a character of society, is the initial foundation to society as a whole. Since the individual is the principal foundation of so... ...that took place within the era, we would not have had a presidential election in which a women and an black battled for control of the American nation and its colossal power. Plainly, America rose worry a phoenix from the ashes thanks to the post-war years. Works Cited Goulden, Joseph C. The Best Years 1945-1950. overbold York, NY McCellan and Stewart Ld., 1976. Henthorn, Cynthia Lee. From Submarines to Suburbs Selling a Better America, 1939- 1959. Ohio Ohio University Press, 2006. Print. Hayden, Dolores. Redesigning the American Dream The Future of Housing, Work, and Family life. advanced York, NY W.W. Norton & Company, 1984. Kaplan, Fred. 1959. Hoboken, NJ Wiley, 2009. Print. Okada, John. No-No Boy. New York University of Washington, 1978. Yates, John. Revolutionary Road. New York, NY Vintage Contemporaries, 1989.

Schizophrenia: The Disease and Treatment Options :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Schizophrenia The Disease and Treatment Options Leann was a attractive 17-year- old with a great future ahead of her. She was the star of TV commercials, and sang in the high school choir. She was the envy of all the schoolgirls and the teachers favorite. She lived in Crawford, Colorado and helped her family on the farm. She had high hopes of becoming a beautician and hairdresser and going on to college or technical school to develop her talent.Now, at age 45 she lives in an apartment in an assisted nutrition center in Grand Junction, where she has lived for the last 23 years of her life. She endures the clique of medications. She sits in her room, writes meters and sends them to famous country singers, like Toby Keith, hoping to hear her song on the radio someday. She walks downtown to the swimming pool and goes for a swim every once in a while during the hot summertime days. She tries to live as normally as she can.About every dark we get a call at our house around 600 eve ry evening. On good nights she negotiation or so her day and asks us how we are, and what we are going to do the next day. She talks about how she move her song to some singer and sent something else to the White House. She tells me that I should go to Mesa State College and study to be a hairdresser. On ruffianly nights, however, it is a totally different story.During unrivalled of her bad night conversations, she talks about off the wall things that none of my family can understand. She talks about how she thinks my sister can call events (tell the future) and how somebody told her that it was true. We try to tell her that my sister cant tell the future, but she doesnt believe us. She talks about how people honorable come into her apartment and harass her. She thinks that everything she sees is connected with some big platform or conspiracy against her. Often, she will be talking about one thing, and then giggle and just jump to something totally different.All the stochast ic changes in subjects and crazy ideas are typical to those who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia, a disorder that affects over 2 million Americans (Mayo Clinic, 1998). Often Leann hears voices and sees people who do not exist and that is how she gets all her ideas about her or others reading minds and recounting the future.

Personal Privacy in a Technologically Public World :: Technology Human Rights Essays

Personal privateness in a Technologically Public WorldNo matchless shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the dependable to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.1 So states Article 12 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, enacted in 1948 aft(prenominal) 20 years of debate and refinement among member nations. Furthermore, the United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights in 1988 made clear that human indemnifys protections on the cover of communications broadly covers all forms of communications Compliance with Article 17 requires that the integrity and confidentiality of correspondence should be guaranteed de jure and de facto. Correspondence should be delivered to the addressee without interception and without being assailable or otherwise read. Surveillance, whether electronic or otherwise, interceptions of telephonic, teleg raphic and other forms of communication, wire-tapping and put d stimulate of conversations should be prohibited.2 The degree of privacy protection may dissent among cultures and countries, and correspondence may encompass anything from a casual conversation among family members to long use of advanced telecommunications devices, but the principle remains the same at a fundamental level, all human beings have a right to lawfully go about their ordinary business without interference or surveillance. Governments wishing to avoid United Nations sanctions may not make laws abridging these canonical rights, and furthermore, must make it unlawful for other entities to do so as well. As the product of an international organization, the Declaration of Human Rights makes a sloshed case for a universal set of basic rights that follow from unconditional characteristics shared by all humans, in particular our sense of our own individual identities, and our ability to make choices based on intelligent observance as opposed to instinctive reaction. In short, the Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the ideal of personhood, and supports the right of each person to a private personal life. This musical composition addresses some of the issues surrounding the growing use of technology in our nonchalant lives, and its impact on personal privacy, particularly in the United States. What manikin of information might we consider private? Is it our drivers license number, social security measure number, Master Card and Visa numbers and ATM pin? Is it our mothers initiative name, our grades in high school, our educational history, work history and volunteer activities?

american literature :: essays research papers

quixotic literature is such that an author writes in an attempt to convey his feelings on what the world should be like. It is unrealistic, unreasoning, and imaginative writing. William Cullen Bryant and Edgar Allen Poe are two examples of romantic writers. though Poe fits the mold of a romantic writer it is axiomatic that his writings do not mirror those of Bryant or many opposite known romantic authors. His works share a uniqueness that is not found amongst the other writers, it is this uniqueness that purloins Poes works from the rest. Bryants poetry Thanatopsis is a practised example of romantic literature. This work compared to Poes The Tell-Tale Heart will arrangement that characteristics of Poes work that, both, make him a romantic writer and separate him from other romantic writers.Thanatopsis, by William Cullen Bryant, is a very romantic poesy about the relationship between man and nature. Bryants purpose for this poem is to spread his belief that at the last tim e of days of life man is unify with the Earth and when that last hour is over man will join all those who have passed before him. From the first two lines of the poem it is obvious that this poem is romantic in nature. To him who in the love of constitution holds confabulation with her visible forms, (470). Bryant personifies nature in this poem by referring to it as a she. He does this to establish a common thread between the ratifier and Earth. It is easier for someone, reading Bryants work, to begin believing his ideas about nature if Nature is referred to as a human being. Along with Bryants approach to the reader his description of the connection between man and nature is also very romantic. Go forth under the open sky, and list To Natures teachings, while from all around Earth and her waters, and the depths of air, - Comes a still voice-(470). In this quote Bryant begins to speak about how Nature offers comfort, When thoughts Of the last bitter hour come like a bligh t over they spirit..(470), through a still voice(470), implying that Nature speaks. As the poem continues Bryant brings out to a greater extent of his romantic ideas. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim Thy growth, to be rolvd to domain again..(471) In this quote Bryant expresses his feelings that when life is over man will return to earth and become part of it once again.

Development of Business Strategies Essay -- Business Development Strat

The paper below responds to the following three prompts1.The sixsome forces model of schema helps firms develop externally coherent dividing line strategies. address applying the model to real cases.2.Explain strategic posture and how it helps firms make strategy in uncertain business environments.3.Evaluate the role of mergers and acquisitions in incarnate strategy.1.The six forces model of strategy helps firms develop externally coherent business strategies. Discuss applying the model to real cases.The six forces model is an extension to Michael Porters quintuplet Forces Model. The six forces analyze different beas in an industry. The forces in this model area.Competition- Analysis that if on that point are a lot of competitors. If so, are there any dominant players in the market.b.New entrants- To analyze if it is easy for bare-assed entrants to enter the market and compete?c.End users/buyers- Is the price easily alter by the buyers? Can the company work with a specific potence buyer? or to analyze their strength of their position in their descent with the buyersd.Suppliers- Study the number of suppliers if it is a monopoly and if not, how many suppliers are there in the market.e.Substitutes- To study how easily a product can be substituted and how easily these substitutes are available f.Complementary products- Effect of complementary products and services on the market.The six forces model is used to study the strategic position of a company in a concerned industry and in a given market place. It is also applied to calculate the market enduringness of a company with regard to competition and profitability.Let us parcel out FedEx as an example. FedEx is one of the largest global courier... ...gy.Adam Hartung(2014), Three Smart Lessons From Facebooks buy Of WhatsApp http//www.forbes.com/sites/adamhartung/2014/02/24/zuckerbergs-3-smart-leadership-lessons-from-facebook-buying-whatsapp/Ibrahim AKGBEK, Mergers and Acquisitions as a Growth Strateg y http//psrcentre.org/images/extraimages/412031.pdfPALO ALTO, CA and HOUSTON, TX (2001), Hewlett-Packard and Compaq go for to merge, creating $87 billion global technology leader http//www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=230610.U00iUvmSy50Wikipedia, Tata Group http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_GroupSebastian Spaeth, Nina Geilinger, Corporate Strategy Mergers & Acquisitions http//www.smi.ethz.ch/education/courses/corporatestrategy/Slides_2012/CS_06_MA.pdfKENT RHODES, Merger and Acquisition Strategies http//gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/merger-and-acquisition-strategies/