The eight Stages of Development

The viii St get along withs of cultivation phrase A constitution Measure of Eriksons Life gos The instrument of Psycho affable Balance inception diary of Personal Assessment, 1990 compendiumTheses article deals with all the eight Eriksons psycho accessible forms. A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then compute analyzed. It heightenes on spiritedness-span nurture. Due to this fact, the larn reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to streak all eight st climb ons, with a direct focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is composed of a scale development, subjects and a factor analysis. The analysis of Ericsons eight st jump ons resulted in an initial pool of 346 items, written to reflect both(prenominal)(prenominal) positive and cast forbidden aspects of the eight faces. Each item was v-point Likert resp onse format ranging from strongly learn (1) to strongly disagree (5). In addition the pool was administered to 528 subjects. The sample was rather heterogeneous. The respondent had to rate 0%-100% scale, how achieverfully they had met to each one of 19 biography challenges for example productive person, institutionalizeing other mountain or kind someone etcetera The 528 IPB protocols were submitted to a factor analysis utilize a principal component and a correlational analysis with ego-ratings of life challenges. The factor analysis eight meaningful factors corresponding to the eight st sequence trust, autonomy, initiative, attention, personal indistinguishability, intimacy, generativity and self- immenseness integrity. The total variance accounted for by the eight factors is 72,34 %, with the trust factor having the largest division of variance (17,46%) and the Ego Integrity factor having the smallest (5,47%).The evidence presented suggests that the IPB is an psycho metrically reliable and valid instrument to analyze life-span to approach character development. The IPB enters adaptive range of subjects , from college age adolescents to elderly and its reliability and validity appear satisfactory. The IPB represents a vertical commentary of Eriksons psychosocial stages.2. Article Psychology Development and Friendship Functions in Adolescence root Sex Roles, Vol. 25 compendiumThe articles is c draw backly the relationship surrounded by acquaintance variables and adolescent psychosocial development, in particular identity and psychosocial intimacy as think by Erikson.This query includes sex dissimilaritys. Erikson rather did non explicitly bespeak oppositeepigenetic charts for males and females, nor did he suggest disparate processes for males and females in equipment casualty of movement by means of the experiences of crisis and commitment at each stage of development. The aim of the present look into was to investigate various st yles of identity and intimacy development through with(predicate) psychometric test (a) of whether the sexes differed in their relative proportions across these different styles, and (b) whether specific acquaintance beliefs and characteristics were associated with the different styles. The styles were defined by establishing four assemblys establish on high and diminished scoring on the identity and intimacy tones used. In fact, friendship patterns ar likely to be relevant to both identity and intimacy formation, although their meanings and importance whitethorn well vary for males and females. One hypothesis tested in the present believe, therefore, was that females and males would be unequally distributed across developmental style, with comparatively to a greater extent males choosing the High individualism road tomaturity and relatively much(prenominal) females the High affaire style. In contrast to this hypothesis the query shows that there were no differences b etwixt the sexes in their prize of developmental style. only if those in the high-identity-high-intimacy and the high-identity-low-intimacy groups were more agreeable with their friendships, which appe bed affectively richer. In addition the friendship during adolescence and youthhas an unique and fundamental influence in the life of the individual. The query appears that there are differences between same- and opposite-sex friendships. Sex differences showed that speckle friendship variables were more strongly chained with development for boys, girls viewed their relationships as ambient and imputed more importance to this closeness. The method is composed of a sample of indirect inform students and college students. Subjects were drawn from two mhoary schools and two colleges, each ofthese institutions avail students from middle to lower middle class areas. The attendant were asked friendship uncertaintys, which were shared in four sections Section ADemographic variab les Section BIntimacy and individuation scales Section CGeneral friendship development Section D- specific best friend information. The total questionnaire took close to 30 minutes to complete. For example in section B, the identity and intimacy measures administered were subscales of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. The EPSI is a self-report inventory that measures resolution of the conflicts associated with the foremost six of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from almost always true to hardly perpetually true.In order to investigate the relationships between two sets of friendship factors (General factors and Specific Close Friendship (Same Sex)) and other variables of vexation, factor scores on eachfactor were computed, using the regression method. In conclusion friendship and romantic relationships developed with psychosocial maturity, on an individual basis (as far as dissolve be judged by this research), but not as alte rnatives.3. Article Generativity Versus Stagnation An Elaboration of Eriksons Adult Stage of gracious Development address Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2003 compendiousThis research focuses on the adult stage of generativity vs. stagnation by Eriksons psychosocial development. The research offers new concepts which are associated to Eriksons scheme of development in the form of 7 psychosocial conflicts. The stage of generativity versus stagnation represents the major(ip) conflict of maturity. The research starts with an Eriksonian viewpoint, and then, organise holds changes to argue for a competing conception, which could be understood indoors Eriksons original proposal and dwelling housed within the developmental chart. The research appears a tentative explanation of how each major stage of development takes form during adulthood and it also shows an impression of how these conflicts accept out Eriksons opening night. 7 psychosocial conflicts are an alyzed inclusivity vs. exclusivity, pride vs. embarrassment, responsibility vs. ambivalence, career productivity vs. inadequacy, parenthood vs. self-absorption, being contained vs. alienation, and honesty vs. denial. Each conflict is connected to one of Eriksons other stages of development. The analyze try to enlarge Ericsons 7 conflicts. In conclusion the conflicts could be defined empirically and pass by connecting them with other measures of swelled head development and generativity. The conflicts and crises of adulthood could be do more clear and at the same time more interlinking by using the manities to draw out and illustrate the ramifications of each conflict. at that place is also a need to connect these ideas with history and broader societal issues.4. Article Development and Validation of a Measure of Eriksonian Industry starting time Journal of genius and Social Psychology, 1991, Col. 60, No. 3, 390-397SummaryThis study place emphasis on the fourth stage of Eriks ons psychosocial development intentness-inferiority. Operationalization of the diligence induce was begun by describing it as consisting of three components skills and knowledge, their application, and affective experience of their acquisition and application in useful elbow rooms. These components span the cognitive (Component 1 skills and knowledge), wayal (Component 2 masking of Skills and Knowledge) and affective domains (Component 3 Attitudes Toward and Experience of the Acquisition and Application of Skills and Knowledge).The process of demonstrating predictive validity for the afoot(predicate) measure, a step on the way to establishing construct validity for the concept of industry, consisted of several procedures. The first mired determining the conceptual validity of the current definition of industry by correlating each componentscore both with each other and with the general mean industry score. Second, childrens get industry scores were cor connect with those provided by two categories of ob actrs, teachers and parents. Third, sevensome variables were selected in order to assess the predictive validity of the new industry measure. Three of these were behavioural and four were based on test responses. The first behavioral measure for example involved observation of classroom behavior, that is, on- line of work versus off-task performance. quadruple other variables were formed by items embedded in the Childrens Industry questionnaire (CIQ) and were based on Eriksons theoretical descriptions of correlates to a comprehend of industry.The final subject pool of this research consisted of 187 pupils from eight classrooms in three public elementary schools. There were 101 boys (54%) and 86 girls (46%). The age range was 8.6-12.8 years. The CIQ as a measure consisted of 47 items assessing the three components of the industry construct and 22 items measuring the expect correlates of industry. Three response modalitys were used with the CIQ. T he most prevalent form (54 items) was the integrated alternative format developed by Harter (1982). The child is asked first to finalize which kind of child he or she is most like by choosing the child described on the left or right. Once the choice is made, the child is required to decide the extent to which the description is true for him or her on a scale ranging from 1 to 4that is, sort of true or really true, and so fortha score of 1 indicating the lower levels of the industry construct.The second response mode on the CIQ was multiple choice. The one-third CIQ response mode was open-ended questions. In addition there were used a instructor Industry questionnaire (TIQ) and a Parent Industry questionnaire (PIQ).In conclusion current findings are generally supportive of the present definition of industry and this measure of it. Significant agreement between different categories of observers, making observations in a number of different ways, and the industry measure was consist ently obtained. Results of the present study provide a solid beginning to the process of validating the construct of industry.5. Article Psychosocial development in the elderly An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage originator Cynthia Br hold, Michael J. LowisDepartment of Psychology, University College Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton,England. mention Journal of Aging Studies 17 (2003) 415-426SummaryIn their article Psychosocial development in the elderly An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage the conditions Brown and Lowis want to figure out the make it of a ninth stage regarding to Joan Eriksons suggestion. Because of an increasing number of old concourse especially in developed countries like Ger umpteen a(prenominal) or Japan it is needed to do a research near this. In the end an former(a) society provide new demands, reevaluations and daily difficulties. Even Erik Erikson saw character as a lifelong developmental process but his possibleness ends with the eight stage ego integrity versus despair at the age of 65. For their research the authors used a self-report survey with individuals either completing questionnaires themselves or being assisted to do so through closed question interviews. The responses were suitable for coding and subsequent quantitative analysis. Additional qualitative entropy were obtained through open questions.As a result they found out that the Stage 9 scores for participants aged in their 80s/90s are authoritatively higher than for those aged in their 60s, but there is no significant difference between Stage 8 scores for the two age groups. But these findings can only be generalized to a wider universe when they are confirmed by additional research the present participants did gouge a range of ages, locations, and living arrangements, but comprised females only, and numbered just 70 individuals in total. Nevertheless the authors produced an instrument that has reliably measured a variable that reaches its potency at an age beyond that normally ascribed to the developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. And if confirmed, the existence of a Stage 9 would suggest that tender beings remain in a situation of potential psychological step-up throughout their life span.6. Article Eriksons system of Psychosocial Development and Career DevelopmentAuthor Patrick H. Munley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, New, JerseySource Journal of Vocational appearance 10, 261-269 (1977)SummaryIn this article the author figures out some of the contributions of Erik Eriksons speculation of the eight stages of development in providing a developmental perspective on career behavior. depression he describes Eriksons Theory of the eight life stages. In his opinion the development of basic mavens of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity allseem to be especially relevant to career development behavior. The theory offers a example for consolidation career development with overall human development. what is more Eriksons theory have it offs the fiber of social and cultural factors in relationship to life roulette wheel development and provides a theoretical role model for integrating research findings on the sociology of career behavior which was already shown by several researches. A third contribution of Eriksons theory is that of the identity crisis and ego identity. Making a vocational choice or commitment is often the first important closing marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Thats the reason why one of the major tasks through which identity concerns are expressed in adolescence is the process of making a vocational choice. For example A person who is undecided in terms of career may not just be undecided about a vocation. He may be in the midst of an overall identity crisis. On the other side a person who has a sense of ego identity is probably more able to make appropriate vocational decisions and choices.At the en d the author concluded that from both a theoretical and empirical point of view, Eriksons theory seems to provide a promising perspective for viewing career development. He said that The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development and makes a contribution toward offering a perspective for integrating social factors and personality development with career development.7. Article The Recovery shape Utilizing Eriksons Stages of Human DevelopmentAuthor Suzanne E. Vogel-Scibilia, Kathryn Cohan McNulty, Beth Baxter, Steve Miller, Max Dine, Frederick J. Frese IIISource participation Ment Health J (2009) 45405-414SummaryThe authors offer a psycho-developmental amaze that parallels Erik Eriksons theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric retrieval involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. They integrated all the following fundamental components of convalescence which were identified by the United States Department of Health and Human service (2005) into this developmental model self-direction, individualized and person-centered, empowerment, holistic, non-linear, strength-based, peer-support, respect, responsibility and hope. In the eyes of the authors this builds an understandable, unimaginative framework that allows transformation of traditional programs and therapeutic contacts into recovery-oriented services. The authors propose eight opportunities to reconcile conflict in the service of personal taketh and development, which parallels Eriksons eight stages. The eight stages are Trust versus Doubt, Hope versus Shame, Empowerment versus Guilt, Action versus Inaction, New self versus Sick self, Intimacy versus Isolation, Purpose versus Passivity Generativity and Integrity versus Despair. Based on these eight stages and on Eriksons stages of development they explain and compare the different recovery stages regarding to the recovery process of people.8. Article Identity Status Theory and Eriksons Theory Communalities and DifferencesAuthor Alan S. Waierman, Trenton State CollegeSource Developmental Review 8, 185-208 (1988)SummaryIn this article the author outline the critique of Ct and Levine on the identity status theory developed by jam Marcia and he compares the theory with Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development. Marcias theory provides four statements Identity Diffusion (the status in which the adolescent doesnt pay back a sense of having choices), Identity Foreclosure (the status in which the adolescent seems resulting to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future), Identity Moratorium (the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices) and Identity transaction (the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity) , which differ in some important respects from that used by Eri kson.The author says that there is basic agreement regarding the construct of identity itself.Erikson, Marcia and other authors using the identity status paradigm are all grasping for the same phenomenon. Furthermore they are the same opinion regarding to the domains in an individuals life that provide the mount within which a persons sense of identity is formed. These include vocational choice, unearthly beliefs, political ideology, sex-role attitudes, and spousal and parenting roles. These are only two communalities of seven which the author claims. But there are also differences between these two theories. First he says that There is a wide divergence between Erikson and the identity status theorists using the identity status paradigm, regarding the viability and utility of the psychoanalytic framework within which the construct of ego identity was originally developed. The next difference is that the identity status paradigm explicitly addresses the more conscious aspects of t he task of identity formation which is related to the rejection of psychoanalytic theory by many identity status theorists and researchers and in contrast to Erikson. There are five more differences which the author figures out in his article. And the end of his article he gives a forecast on identity research.9. Article Personality Theories Erik EriksonAuthor Dr.C George Boeree From Shippensburg UniversitySource Original E-Text-Site http//www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html Summary Oglala Lagota, Among the Oglala Lagota, it was traditional for an unseasoned teenage or adolescent to go off on his own. Everybody got a inspiration, you got a dream and I got a dreams. In some case, the dream would lead us into the realm of controlled deviations among the everybody. Eight states start from infancy on the oral afferent state, the second is the anal muscular stage, third state is genital-locomotor stage or play age, fourth state is the latency stage or school age child from 6-12, five state is adolescence. Its beginning with puverty and ending n untimely 18 for 20 years old, six I dont know what stage name, writer not giving it. Which lasts from about 18 to about 30. The ages in the adult stage are mush fuzzier than in the childhood stages. And people may differ dramatically. 7 stage is that of middle adulthood. The middle life crisis, if you success at this stage, you will have a capacity for carring that serve you through the rest of your life. Reffered to delicalely as late adulthood or maturity, or less delicately as old ages of last stage, begins sometimes nearly you retirement after the kids have gone say somewhere or so 60. Its the stage just see the good thing and bad.10. Article victimisation Erikson to Work More Effectively with Teenage ParentsAuthor Lorraine DeJongSource www.naeyc.org/resources/journal.Summary According to the article, its talk about the using Ericksons theory to tech young mothers. If we see in article, well know mo re of quantity of stripling parent in U.S.A. Its very big task because of the rate of maternalism in striplings become higher and it will be a social problem. But how Ericksons theory concern with this article? The writer gives the idea that it can help teacher understand teenager parent emotion and the need of them.The writer selects the stage 1 to 5 because it concern about teenager ages. Stage1 is talk about infancy. If the teenager lacking a trust in the world, it will belief to her baby, she will reject advice of teacher. Stage2-Toddlerhood, if young mother grow without responsibility, she may reprove about her difficulties. May be she wont take care of her child. Stage3-Preschoolyears, without the positive guide line in this stage, an adolescent may luck in basic sense of inquisitiveness, ambition, and empathy, she may not quest in her child. Stage4-School-ageyears, if teenager fails in success in this stage, she may feels inept and inferior. And the last-Adolescence, everything depend on the past if they didnt get trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry, they may show behavior that hazard for positive identity development. After the effect of Ericksons theory of teenager parent, a writer gives the suggestion for developing trust autonomy, initiative, and industry such as find the way to indentify teenager, train teenagers show and manger responsibility, and etc.If adolescence mother have a good personality development technique, she will care about her responsibility to take care her child. Its very important to consider because every stage have a meaning in term of them, if it lack or gone, it will affect to feeling of the mothers and the problem will on children.11.Article Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity Modeling Eriksons Core Stages over 34 Years.Author Joel R. Sneed, Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Michelle E. CulangSource SummaryFor this article, Writers study in Erikson development stages in term of core stage that consist of stage1, sta ge5, and stage8. Stage1-Trust that study in term of continuity and wholeness in the self and in another. Stage5-identity that study in the self and social. And the last is Ego integrity that study about exceeds of individual lifecycle. They take a hypothesis to examine the last investigations on the RALS that results are as follow Stage1 is steadfast from ages 20 to 42, increasing in stage5 for ages 20 to 31 but stable in ages 31 to 42 and the last stage8 decreases in ages 31 to 42.After they use multilevel fashion model testing, writers found the difference development trajectories across child and middle adulthood in each core stage. The first stage, writers predict endure stable over adult but after testing, the value increases in trust over a 34-year period. And next is stage5 follow Erikson set the time of the Identity ages 20 to beyond, but the present test show that substantial not occur until the late of ages 20 and early ages 30. And the last is stage8 that it value is de creasing. But in fact it will increase that affect from environment on personality.12.Article Eccles Development of Children Ages 6-14.Author Jacquelynne S. EcclesSource The Future of Children WHEN SCHOOL IS OUT Vol. 9 No. 2 Fall 1999Summary This article summarized stage 4 of Ericson, the major developmental change that take place from 6-14 years old. both article provide an overview of the kind of biological, psychological, and social changes that characterize the years between 6 to 14 for article from Eccles to facilities the our research.For children years in stage 4 is a critical period to knowing themselves. And during this time, children will grow to adults who have the power, have a freedom, feel free to participate in family. somatogenic insight will change the mental condition. A social role will change and pass quickly when they enter the school or doing activities with other outside the family. During mid-childhood,, they will begin to compare themselves with other, they expect success and failure, they might develop and transition to other challenges in many years.During early adolescence is they will confuse with physical and the social theat change from the start. They have a freedom and distance between the family. Meanwhile, the problem may occur. They may lose of confidence and have a negatives behavior such as giving up of duty or resigned from the school.13. Article College-Educated Womens Personality Development in maturity date Perceptions and Age DifferencesAuthor Alyssa N. Zucker et allSource Journal of Adult Development, 8, p. 28.Summary The researcher study the different between the perception of women in each age groups. Procedures and level of personality development in social change. And they recognize that confidence in each age range. The specific timing and different forms in adults and children. Research to look for reasons and what limits to reflect the development of personality in the beginning to the end of life.C haracteristics of personality development in the next phase of maturity We use the information for the study of the College of Education to consider the possibility that adults are better developed. The development will be personality spare picture pros and cons are different. Women are more concerned than men. Concerns that arise are the future, career, financial, and family. Even maternity Developed differently in each generation. Women age 40-60. Will develop faster in women age 20. State conditions because of different concerns of people in each generation. A group of teenagers are relatively private world is much less likely to develop their own personality to fit the outside world. Development must have their own ways to develop the correct principles of personal.14. Article From Trust to Intimacy A New Inventory for Examining Eriksons Stages ofPsychosociai DevelopmentAuthor Doreen A. Rosenthal, 1.4 Ross M. Gurney, 2 and Susan M. Moore 3Source Journal of Youth and Adolesce nce, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981Summary Trust to intimacy is related to the six stages of Eriksons is the relationship of each stage the adolescent ,adulthood the adjustment of adolescents in terms of differences in race theme and attitude comparison of thought , maturity , moral and the decision of the human of each stage. The some information from researchers, other who have. Both the consistent and distinctive have a reasons for reenforcement the theory of them self. The attitude, ethics of each stage is different. The problem of behavior or personality of human and experienced is effect on the cause of the research or evidence that the theory is accepted six stage of Erikson15. Article The Learning Disabled Adolescent Eriksonian Psychosocial Development,Self-Concept, and Delinquent BehaviorAuthor Daniel B. Pickar and Christopher D. ToriSource Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1986Summary This journal study about disabled adolescents on three variables Eriksons stag es of psychosocial development, self-concept, and delinquent behavior. It was predicted that schooling disabled adolescents would show significantly less resolution of Eriksons fourth stage, industry versus inferiority The researchers focus on the affective and motivational and use Eriksons psychosocial theory to understanding the social and emotional difficulties of learning disable adolescence. The development of an adequate feeling of competence is the critical task of a sense development and the effective in interactions with the environment.The researcher use statistical standard of twain-way ANOVA concern with the EPSI information, The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and Delinquency Checklist. To find to result of significant of gender effect between learning disable and non-learning disable groups. Measure the significant of group and gender interaction. The comparison group of the self-concept of learning disabled adolescents showed that these youngsters self- concept was not significantly different than nondisabled but learning disabilities are significantly related to insubstantial delinquency. Hypothesized that learning disabled adolescents would demonstrate more negative self-concept and report more delinquent behavior than their nondisabled peers.The hypothesis that learning disabled adolescents would engage in more delinquent behavior than nondisabled adolescents was not supported. The self-report delinquency data indicated that learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents participated in the same kinds and amounts of delinquent behavior. The results of this study to provide more understanding of the psychosocial development of adolescence on different variables.16. Article The Course and Psychosocial Correlates of Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence Eriksons Developmental Theory RevisitedAuthor Thomas N. Crawford,1 Patricia Cohen,2 Jeffrey G. Johnson,3 Joel R. Sneed,4and Judith S. Brook5Source Journal of Youth and Ado lescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 373-387 ( C _ 2004)Summary Researchers focus on personality rowdyism in adolescents have been related with developmental patterns of behavior measured with dimensional symptom scales, personality disturbances are age-related trends in personality development. How it reflect to developmental processes in long-term risks for personality development. To understanding of how personality disorders tint on normal psychosocial development, this study used longitudinal data from a community sample to track declines in personality disorder symptoms from early adolescence to young adulthood. They used it to formulate hypotheses about how personality disorders would impact on the normative tasks of adolescence and young adulthood (1) developing an internal sense of well-being through the consolidation of identity and (2) establishing intimacy in the form of lasting and committed romantic relationships.Although researchers now agree that identity f ormula is a life-long process, adolescence and young adulthood provide the first real fortune to develop a sense of continuity with the past, meaning in the present, and direction for the future. Identity consolidation thus emerges as the cornerstone of the capacity to do well and forms the basis of self-acceptance and self-esteem. Identity diffusion is known to share many characteristics with personality disorder symptoms according to a community-based sample of adolescents to determine whether age-related declines in Axis II symptoms are related with increases in well-being during adolescence and interpersonal intimacy during adulthood to focus on borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms (Cluster B symptoms).Two groups of sample were investigated to determine if age-related declines in Cluster B symptoms are associated with increases in well-being and interpersonal intimacy during adolescence and early adulthood. To the extent that personality disor