Analysing Kant Essay -- essays research papers

Kant Sewction 1 Kant starts off making two distinctions regarding kinds of knowledge, empirical/ lucid and formal/material. Empirical or experience-based knowledge is contrasted with rational knowledge, which is independent of experience. This distinction between empirical and rational knowledge rests on a difference in sources of evidence used to support the two diametric kinds of knowledge. Formal is contrasted with material knowledge. Formal knowledge has no specific discipline matter it is about the general structure of thinking about any subject matter whatsoever. Material knowledge is of a specific subject matter, either temperament or freedom. Rational knowledge is metaphysics, of which there are two branches, the metaphysics of nature and of morals. The metaphysics of nature is supposed to provide rational knowledge of the laws of nature. These are not empirical laws they are more like widely distributed principles of nature that any empirical physical would presuppose, such as that no event in nature occurs without a natural cause. The metaphysics of freedom is supposed to provide knowledge of the laws of freedom. These are the universal rules which free agents devise to govern them. Thus, Kants grounding, his initial attempt at a critique of rational reason, is an investigation of the possibility of purely rational knowledge of morals. Take, for example, the chaste Rule Thou shalt not lie. If the moral law is valid as the basis of moral obligation or duty, then it must b...